However, the masses and mixtures of neutrinos found so far are somehow very different from those of quarks. The Standard Model, which explains how elementary particles work, is believed to have been completed with the discovery of the Higgs boson. The question of why neutrino masses are so small, less than one-millionth of the mass of an electron or quark, is also a mystery. Remaining unanswered questions are the parameters of the CP phase, the order of the neutrino masses, and the respective values of the neutrino masses. From previous studies of neutrino oscillations, the squared differences m 1 2-m 2 2 and m 2 2-m 3 2 between the three mixing angles and the neutrino masses have been measured. Neutrino mixing is described with three mixing angles θ 12, θ 23, θ 13, and a CP phase parameter. Neutrino oscillations have been observed in solar neutrinos and artificial neutrino beams. Indicates the existence of an “unexplained theory” beyond the Standard Model. In the Standard Model, which explains the framework of elementary particles, neutrino mass was thought to be zero, but this epoch-making discovery forced a revision of that theory. The discovery of neutrino oscillations proved that neutrinos have a small amount of mass. This is because the muon neutrinos were transformed into tau neutrinos during their passage through the earth. Observations of muon neutrinos in “atmospheric neutrinos,” produced when cosmic rays flying from space collide with the atmosphere, revealed that the number of muon neutrinos coming from the other side of the earth was only half of those coming from above. Neutrino oscillations were discovered by the Super-Kamiokande experiment in 1998. This phenomenon is called “neutrino oscillation.” Neutrino oscillation occurs when neutrinos have mass and non-zero neutrino mixing. When the neutrino travels through space, the phase of the waves changes, and the type of flavor changes. The neutrino flavor is a superposition of waves at each mass state. Neutrinos have properties of both “particles” and “waves.” Therefore, neutrino 1, neutrino 2, and neutrino 3 have different masses and propagate through space as “waves” with different frequencies. Of the Standard Theory of elementary particles The groundbreaking discovery, which required a modification One particular flavor neutrino is a mixture of three different mass states. Super-Kamiokande detects neutrino interactions in a large water tank. Neutrinos can pass through anything, but because of the large number of neutrinos raining down from space, they can interact with matter on rare occasions. For this reason, neutrinos are extremely difficult to observe, and their properties have long been shrouded in mystery. They can easily penetrate even the earth.

However, neutrinos have no electric charge and hardly interact with other matter, so we do not feel them. Neutrinos are among the most abundant subatomic particles in the universe, flying around us at the speed of light and passing through our bodies at several hundred trillion per second. The electron’s charge is -1, and the neutrino’s charge is “0,” which differs by one. Neutrinos correspond to electron families. For example, an up quark has a charge of +2/3, and a down quark has a charge of -1/3. Quarks and leptons each have their corresponding particles that differ by one electric charge.

Hydrogen oscillations persecond